Date: Friday 16 June 2006
Subj: Bhutan: Present trial bridges past to future.
To: World Evangelical Alliance Religious Liberty News & Analysis
From: WEA RLC Principal Researcher and Writer, Elizabeth Kendal.
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BHUTAN: PRESENT TRIAL BRIDGES PAST TO FUTURE
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In Bhutan, two imprisoned Christians, Benjamin Dhunigana and John Dai, will soon face court on charges of proselytising. They have been in prison ever since their arrest on 8 January 2006. They had responded to an invitation to show the Jesus video in a non-believer's home. A boy attending the meeting informed the police, and Benjamin and John, who are both married with children, were arrested the next day. Benjamin was recently sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison and John to three years. They were granted ten days to appeal to the court for bail and then they will appeal the charges against them. (For more details, see Link 1)
This trial will take place at a critical juncture as Bhutan transitions from a closed and repressive past to an open and free future. The country's leadership is delicately but boldly preparing Bhutan to embrace modernisation and liberty. The difficulty is that Bhutan's two million population is largely illiterate and very nervous about change. There are only around 3000 Christians in predominantly Buddhist Bhutan and the Church has struggled with severe restrictions and systematic persecution. Now however, there is great hope.
The debate around the proselytism case could define the future of religious liberty in Bhutan. As such, it is a highly significant trial, deserving our fervent prayers and positive support.
If Bhutan can make this transition from religious kingdom to constitutional, parliamentary democracy with full religious freedom, and be blessed by it, it will impact not only Bhutan but the world – because in this globalised age, the world is watching. The same can be said of the changes taking place in Nepal.
It will be in the political and religious interests of religious nationalists, both local and foreign, that these nations fail and even collapse into chaos so they can be rescued or redeemed by political-religious forces. The people of God must pray: for the "Cyruses" of this world (Isaiah 45: men or women God uses to effect his sovereign will and blessing); for God to "frustrate the ways of the wicked" (Psalm 146:9); and for God to bless his Church with his gracious favour (2 Corinthians 12:9).
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Bhutan is undergoing a difficult but marvelous transition: from Buddhist Kingdom to constitutional, parliamentary democracy. His Royal Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuk has been devolving his monarchical role from that of supreme ruler to "Head of State" in a parliamentary democracy. He plans to abdicate the throne in 2008 and hand his role to His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
The second draft Constitution (published on 18 August 2005) was the result of years of work that involved the detailed study of constitutions from all around the world. The result is an extraordinary document that enshrines equality, religious liberty, a high standard of human rights, and personal responsibility.
Draft Constitution:
http://www.constitution.bt/draft_constitution_2nd_en.pdf
While Article 3 of the draft Constitution recognises Bhutan's "spiritual heritage" as Buddhist, the king (the Druk Gyalpo) will be the "protector of all religions". Also, Article 3.3 states: "It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities [i.e. not the State] to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion stays separate from politics."
Concerning culture, Article 4.1 states: "The State shall endeavour to preserve, protect and promote the cultural heritage of the country. . ." And in Article 4.2: "The State shall recognize culture as an evolving dynamic force. . ." This clause resists the temptation to lock the people into a static cultural stereotype, and gives the nation and the people freedom to evolve, in the words of His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, "with the changing times". (Link 3)
Article 7 deals with "Fundamental Rights".
Here are some highlights:
Article 7.1 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to life, liberty and security of person and shall not be deprived of such rights except in accordance with the due process of law.
Article 7.2 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech, opinion and expression.
Article 7.3 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. No person shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of coercion or inducement.
Article 7.4 There shall be freedom of the press, radio and television and other forms of dissemination of information, including electronic.
Article 7.5 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to information.
Article 7.7 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of movement and residence within Bhutan.
Article 7.12 A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, other than membership of associations that are harmful to the peace and unity of the country, and shall have the right not to be compelled to belong to any association.
Article 7.15 All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to equal and effective protection of the law and shall not be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion, politics or other status.
Article 8 defines the "Fundamental Duties" of Bhutanis. Article 8.3 states: "A Bhutanese citizen shall foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit of brotherhood amongst all the people of Bhutan transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities."
But not everything is to be tolerated! Article 8.5 states: "A person shall not tolerate or participate in acts of injury, torture or killing of another person, terrorism, abuse of women, children or any other person and shall take necessary steps to prevent such acts."
PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
After the second draft Constitution was published it was distributed nationwide with the instruction that people read it and openly discuss its contents. Then, His Royal Majesty the King and His Royal Highness the Crown Prince traversed the country holding public consultations in every dzongkhag (district). Throughout the consultations they assured the people that Bhutan was not following a trend but consolidating the rapid and profound achievements of the past. They answered questions and discussed issues with gatherings of hundreds and even thousands. The first public consultation took place in the capital, Thimphu, on 26 October 2005, and the final closing public consultation took place in Trongsa on 27 May 2006.
The questions asked and the anxieties expressed by the people in these public consultations were consistent across the nation. There was a general feeling of sadness, loss and trepidation that their beloved king was devolving his powers to a parliament.
Religious freedom was a key issue for many at the consultations, with concerns being raised that religious freedom would lead to the spread of other religions and this would ultimately undermine and threaten Buddhism and Bhutan's cultural heritage. To these concerns, the Chief Justice, Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye, His Royal Majesty and His Royal Highness the Crown Prince intelligently, persistently, firmly and graciously endorsed equality of all Bhutanis, religious liberty as a fundamental human right, and the responsibility of all Bhutanis to fulfill their duty to the nation by practising peace and tolerance.
Here are some excerpts from http://www.kuenselonline.com from reports covering the public consultations.
FREEDOM OF RELIGION A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT
From the consultation in the Punakha valley (late November 2005): "One student said that the 'freedom of religion' might encourage the spread of other religions and dilute the Buddhist tradition which was Bhutan's spiritual heritage.
"The Chief Justice explained that the Druk Gyalpo [king] was the protector of all religions and that, in a democracy there should be no discrimination against any religion. Freedom of religion was a fundamental right of the people." (Link 2)
THE TRUE CAUSE OF PROBLEMS IS ABSENCE OF TOLERANCE, NOT PRESENCE OF FREEDOM.
At the public consultations in Dagana (5 February 2006): "The draft was read out to the people in Lhotsham-kha [local language] and discussed article by article as His Royal Highness clarified the queries and doubts raised by about 3,000 public representatives."
"On Article 7, Fundamental Rights, the people voiced their apprehension that, with freedom of religion, Buddhism may be undermined. The Chief Justice said that, although Bhutan was a developing country, the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution were among the most comprehensive in the world.
"He said that, while Bhutan was a Buddhist nation, it was also one with respect for people of all faiths. He added that it would be the absence of such respect and tolerance that would create problems, as it had in some countries around the world, rather than the freedom that Bhutan's Constitution provides.
"His Royal Highness said that the Constitution was a Constitution for all the people of Bhutan and that it would not discriminate on the basis of religion, gender, or caste. He said that the best way to safeguard the fundamental rights of the people was to ensure the success of this democratic transition. In other words, to fulfill one's fundamental duties." (Link 3)
A gathering of some 10,000 attended the public consultation in Samtse (around 1 April 2006). "On politics, the people felt that religion and politics should not intersect but with the coming of modernisation the interests of the religious community may be neglected. His Royal Highness said that this separation of roles was very important but that as a spiritual nation and people, the religious community's interests would always be safeguarded," thus reinforcing the notion that the religious state of a nation is the responsibility of the people, not the State.
A gathering of some 5,000 community representatives attended the consultation in the eastern economic hub of Samdrup Jongkhar dzongkhag (22 April 2006). Once again anxieties were raised concerning ". . .the need to safeguard Bhutan's spiritual heritage against a possible influx of other religions". The community representatives raised examples of failed democracies, where corruption was rampant. His Royal Highness responded with examples of successful democracies, noting that success is dependant upon three main things: good leadership, an enabling environment, and a population that shoulders its responsibilities. He assured the people that Bhutan had the first two ingredients, and all that was needed now was for people to put aside their petty differences and concerns and keep the greater good of the people foremost in their minds. (Link 4)
At the consultation in remote Zhemgang dzongkhag in early May, His Royal Highness the Crown Prince responded again to suggestions that Bhutan's Buddhist spiritual heritage be explicitly safeguarded in the Constitution. His Royal Highness emphasised that what was considered important in culture and traditions and spiritual heritage would evolve with time according to the changing time, and that different generations of Bhutanese must decide for themselves what aspects of culture and traditions should be given importance. (Link 5)
In the dzongkhag of Bumthang, which Kuenselonline describes as "the spiritual heartland of Bhutan", people expressed their concern that, "if the traditional Bhutanese schools of Buddhism that represented the country's spiritual heritage were not specifically protected, they might be overwhelmed by other religions in future.
"Lam Jamtsho of Ura warned that an influx of new religions would sow the seed of discord in a peaceful country where Buddhism was the essence of life. 'We have seen that one of the main causes of political conflicts is the clash of religious interests,' he said.
"His Royal Highness reminded the people that, in the eyes of His Majesty the King and in the provisions of the Constitution, all Bhutanese were equal." He assured the people that because Buddhism is based on "equality, peaceful co-existence and tolerance" then peace and prosperity should prevail. He then re-affirmed his belief that under a parliamentary democracy, it was important to separate religion from politics.
"When the Chumey representative said there was an apparent contradiction in Buddhism being the spiritual heritage of Bhutan under Article 1 and freedom of religion in Bhutan under Article 7 the Chief Justice explained that one was related to the culture and historical traditions of the nation and the other to personal choice and practice. 'While the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, no person shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of coercion or inducement,' he said. 'That will ensure religious harmony'." (Link 6)
THE NEED TO DEFINE TERMS
Articles 7.3, "No person shall be compelled to belong to another faith by means of coercion or inducement", and 7.12 "A Bhutanese citizen . . . shall have the right not to be compelled to belong to any association", both use words – compelled, coercion, inducement – that require definition. This is why the approaching trial of Benjamin Dhunigana and John Dai is so significant. While the trial will doubtless be conducted according to presently enacted laws that ban proselytism (the new Constitution has not as yet been enacted), this trial could see the terms of the draft Constitution defined. The trial may be used to establish a precedent as Bhutan makes this historic transition into its future.
Elizabeth Kendal
Links
1) Two Christians in Bhutan Sentenced to Prison Without a Trial
VOM, 12 June 2006, http://www.persecution.net/pnp.htm#3
2) The unfolding of a new era. 30 November 2005
http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6284
3) Crown Prince conducts public consultations on the Constitution in
Dagana. 8 February 2006
http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6543
4) Looking forward to a new era. 26 April 2006
http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6870
5) Zhemgang's youth are both excited and concerned. 3 May 2006
http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6899
6) Bumthaps clarify their doubts on the Constitution. 24 May 2006
http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6992
Friday, June 16, 2006
Tuesday, June 6, 2006
Zimbabwe: Government interference escalates
Date: Tuesday 6 June 2006
Subj: Zimbabwe: Government interference escalates
To: World Evangelical Alliance Religious Liberty News & Analysis
From: WEA RLC Principal Researcher and Writer, Elizabeth Kendal.
Over recent years, the Mugabe regime has introduced several measures to silence dissent. Quite apart from open police brutality, measures like the Non-Governmental Organisations Bill 2004 (NGO Bill, see link 1) and the draconian Public Order and Security Act (POSA, which provides the police with wide-ranging powers to control or ban public gatherings of three or more persons) have enabled the Mugabe regime to crush or silence dissent, close doors and obstruct channels of communication and aid. These laws have had a devastating effect upon the Church's ability to deliver humanitarian aid and engage in human rights, justice and freedom issues.
The POSA was recently used to ban a prayer procession organised by a united Christian forum called "Churches in Bulawayo", on the grounds that the police deemed it a security risk. In their statement to the press Churches in Bulawayo expressed serious concern that the police would deny them the right to hold a prayer procession. They regard this as a serious infringement of their freedom to worship.
UPHOLDING THE BIBLICAL MANDATE
On 23 May 2005 a wave of demolitions heralded the commencement of Robert Mugabe's "Operation Murambatsvina". It is estimated that some 300,000 homes were demolished by the "Mugabe Tsunami" – a man-made disaster that left some 1.5 million homeless and destitute. Several people including small children were crushed in the dwellings they called "home". Many other victims died from the consequences of poverty combined with homelessness, such as starving or freezing to death. Still others died prematurely from illnesses simply because the medical missions and NGOs that served the poor were likewise not spared (Link 2).
Operation Murambatsvina left Zimbabwe's churches facing what appeared to be an insurmountable volume of human suffering. However, one great blessing did arise from the ashes of Murambatsvina. Christians long divided by difference found unity in their conviction that they must uphold the Biblical mandate to defend the poor and needy, and that they can do it best if they do it together. Operation Murambatsvina gave life and purpose to a powerful movement of practical church unity. Churches in Bulawayo is one such church alliance. According to its 16 May 2006 press release, "Churches in Bulawayo sheltered over 2000 families at the height of Murambatsvina and have continued to provide food assistance as well as medical help and payment of school fees for displaced children."
Churches in Bulawayo organised a prayer procession for 20 May 2006 to commemorate Operation Murambatsvina and pray for its victims. "Sokwanele" Civil Action Support Group reports, "This event was but one of the several organized across the country by the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance, an informal ecumenical alliance seeking a united Christian response to the current crisis. The objective - shared by many civic groups including Crisis in Zimbabwe - was to focus attention on the plight of victims of ZANU PF's purge of the poor, one year on from the nationwide campaign of destruction which saw hundreds of thousands rendered homeless and destitute." (Link 3)
Church leaders in Bulawayo consulted the police about their intention to hold a prayer procession. They did this as a courtesy, not because they were obliged to, as events that have "bona fide religious purposes" are exempt from the POSA. The police initially granted the churches clearance. However, they soon made an about turn and withdrew permission saying the procession would be a security risk. The Churches in Bulawayo press release explains, "What has frightened the police is that thousands of Bulawayo residents are intending to take part in the procession."
After withdrawing permission for the prayer procession, police then moved to intimidate the pastors into submission. The Churches in Bulawayo press release explains: "Since yesterday [Monday 15 May] junior police officers have been calling individual clerics to interrogate and intimidate them to cancel the procession. But this morning, Tuesday, about 30 senior security officers in Bulawayo who are members of the Joint Operations Command – that is composed of police, army and Central Intelligence Organisation – summoned the leadership of Churches in Bulawayo to a two-hour interrogation session."
The Bulawayo pastors however, being consumed with conviction that they must obey the Biblical mandate – "Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy" (Proverbs 31:9) – were not easily intimidated. Instead, they challenged the police ban in the Bulawayo High Court. Lawyers for the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance argued that the police ban was an "infringement of our freedom to worship" and it demonstrated "the desperate position of this regime". Late in the evening of Friday 19 May, the High Court ruled in favour of the pastors, saying that the churches had the legal right to hold a prayer procession. (Link 4)
Sokwanele's report is entitled, "More steel in the men of God: Despite police threats the Church goes ahead with Commemoration," and it explains what happened next. "The organizers of most of the other commemorative events planned for this weekend [20-21 May] eventually succumbed to police pressure to call them off. Not so the pastors who lead Churches in Bulawayo." (Link 3)
PRAYER PROCESSION
On Saturday 20 May 06, in defiance of Mugabe's police, Churches in Bulawayo led some 300 very courageous believers in a prayer procession. Everyone who participated did so with the knowledge that, in the words of Rev. Promise Mnceda, ". . .the likelihood of arrests and beatings is very high." (Reuters 19 May)
The prayer procession commenced at St Patrick's Church in Makokoba, Bulawayo's oldest township. From there the band of believers walked into the city singing "Nkosi Sikeleli Africa" (a famous African anthem) and hymns and choruses. Sokwanele reports that the singing attracted "the friendly attention of passers-by". Police and CIO officers lined the route, but the day passed without incident. When the procession reached its destination at the Brethren in Christ Church in the city, those taking part settled down outside to listen to speeches, songs and a poem written especially for the event. Messages of solidarity were read from supporters such as Zimbabwean Archbishop Pius Ncube (unable to attend) and British-based TEAR Fund. (Link 5)
Sokwanele concludes: "For many of the unfortunate victims of Operation Murambatsvina and hundreds of internally displaced persons the Church has become their only refuge and security in a turbulent time of deep crisis. They are grateful, and we as a nation should be profoundly grateful that the Church is there for them. That the Church is taking up its divine mandate, not only to care for the victims of the most gross human rights abuses but also to challenge and confront the arrogant tyranny responsible, is a cause for general rejoicing."
Rejoice – yes! But don't forget, these church leaders are facing perilous times. By the time the next church event rolls around the Bulawayo High Court will doubtless have a new judge (see Institute for War and Peace Reporting: "Mugabe Moulds Pliant Judiciary", link 6).
PERSECUTION BY PROXY
But the suffering of Zimbabwe has not produced a turning point for the churches so much as it has produced a watershed, and not all church leaders are falling down the same side of the mountain. Churches in Zimbabwe are splitting and polarising over the issue of how to respond to the Mugabe regime. Groups like the Churches of Bulawayo and the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance advocate solidarity for the purpose of upholding the Biblical mandate of Proverbs 31:9. Others however believe that preaching salvation without engagement in political issues must be the sole focus of the church.
Others still are discovering that allegiance to Mugabe can be very profitable, both in terms of promotion and material reward. Church leaders driven by greed, power-lust and pride rather than a heart for God's kingdom and glory – and such leaders are found in every nation – enjoy symbiotic relationships with the Mugabe regime. This enables Mugabe to interfere directly in church affairs and persecute "troublesome" clerics via proxies: bishops who have exchanged the Biblical mandate for a dictator's rewards.
Most notable is the case of the Anglican Bishop of Harare, Nolbert Kunonga, who not only accepted the gift of St Marnock's Farm in Nyabiri (someone else's land) as a token of personal gratitude from Robert Mugabe, but he also used Zanu PF militia to evict the 40 families of farm workers living in the farm village. Further more it has been alleged that Kunonga used his influence with the ruling party to secure the post of bishop of Harare.
In August 2005 Kunonga appeared before the Provincial Court of the Anglican Church of Central Africa (an ecclesiastical court) to face 38 charges, including incitement to murder, intimidating critics, preaching racial hatred, and mishandling church funds. In December 2005 the court hearing collapsed without explanation and all charges were dropped. Many suspect Zanu PF interference.
Twelve priests have left the parish since Kunonga became bishop, ten of whom live in exile, claiming to have fled persecution. According to the Reverend Paul Gwese who fled Zimbabwe last September, ". . Reverend Nolbert Kunonga, . . .has terrorised Christians, and . . is turning his diocese into a religious branch of Mugabe's ruling ZANU PF party." The exiled clerics recently observed a day of prayer and then unanimously agreed to approach Ugandan-born John Sentamu, Britain's first black archbishop, for help. (Link 7)
Elizabeth Kendal
Links
1) Zimbabwe: The NGO Bill and the Church. 20 January 2005
2) Zimbabwe: urban renewal or social engineering?
-- Operation Murambasvina, 4 July 2005
3) More steel in the men of God: Despite police threats the Church goes ahead with Commemoration. Saturday, 20 May 2006
http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/archives/415
4) Churches in court fight for 'prayer marches'
By Jane Fields, Harare, 19 May 2006
http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=743752006
AND
Bulawayo high court upholds churches' legal right to march
By Tererai Karimakwend,. 20 May 2006 http://www.swradioafrica.com/news190506/churchmarch200506.htm
5) Bulawayo churches defy Zimbabwe protest ban. 22 May 2006
http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/content/news_syndication/article_060522zimb.shtml
AND
'We Remember': A Poem written In Honor of the Victims of Murambatsvina. By Dumisani O. Nkomo http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/?cat=37
6) Mugabe Moulds Pliant Judiciary.
By Hativagone Mushonga in Harare, 31 May 2006
http://www.iwpr.net/?p=acr&s=f&o=321302&apc_state=henh
7) Shameful silence on Nolbert Kunonga, Anglican Bishop of Harare
5 January 2006 http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/archives/334
AND
Zimbabwean clerics to seek help from Archbishop of York. 27 May 2006 http://www.zimbabwejournalists.com/story.php?art_id=465&cat=2
Subj: Zimbabwe: Government interference escalates
To: World Evangelical Alliance Religious Liberty News & Analysis
From: WEA RLC Principal Researcher and Writer, Elizabeth Kendal.
Over recent years, the Mugabe regime has introduced several measures to silence dissent. Quite apart from open police brutality, measures like the Non-Governmental Organisations Bill 2004 (NGO Bill, see link 1) and the draconian Public Order and Security Act (POSA, which provides the police with wide-ranging powers to control or ban public gatherings of three or more persons) have enabled the Mugabe regime to crush or silence dissent, close doors and obstruct channels of communication and aid. These laws have had a devastating effect upon the Church's ability to deliver humanitarian aid and engage in human rights, justice and freedom issues.
The POSA was recently used to ban a prayer procession organised by a united Christian forum called "Churches in Bulawayo", on the grounds that the police deemed it a security risk. In their statement to the press Churches in Bulawayo expressed serious concern that the police would deny them the right to hold a prayer procession. They regard this as a serious infringement of their freedom to worship.
UPHOLDING THE BIBLICAL MANDATE
On 23 May 2005 a wave of demolitions heralded the commencement of Robert Mugabe's "Operation Murambatsvina". It is estimated that some 300,000 homes were demolished by the "Mugabe Tsunami" – a man-made disaster that left some 1.5 million homeless and destitute. Several people including small children were crushed in the dwellings they called "home". Many other victims died from the consequences of poverty combined with homelessness, such as starving or freezing to death. Still others died prematurely from illnesses simply because the medical missions and NGOs that served the poor were likewise not spared (Link 2).
Operation Murambatsvina left Zimbabwe's churches facing what appeared to be an insurmountable volume of human suffering. However, one great blessing did arise from the ashes of Murambatsvina. Christians long divided by difference found unity in their conviction that they must uphold the Biblical mandate to defend the poor and needy, and that they can do it best if they do it together. Operation Murambatsvina gave life and purpose to a powerful movement of practical church unity. Churches in Bulawayo is one such church alliance. According to its 16 May 2006 press release, "Churches in Bulawayo sheltered over 2000 families at the height of Murambatsvina and have continued to provide food assistance as well as medical help and payment of school fees for displaced children."
Churches in Bulawayo organised a prayer procession for 20 May 2006 to commemorate Operation Murambatsvina and pray for its victims. "Sokwanele" Civil Action Support Group reports, "This event was but one of the several organized across the country by the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance, an informal ecumenical alliance seeking a united Christian response to the current crisis. The objective - shared by many civic groups including Crisis in Zimbabwe - was to focus attention on the plight of victims of ZANU PF's purge of the poor, one year on from the nationwide campaign of destruction which saw hundreds of thousands rendered homeless and destitute." (Link 3)
Church leaders in Bulawayo consulted the police about their intention to hold a prayer procession. They did this as a courtesy, not because they were obliged to, as events that have "bona fide religious purposes" are exempt from the POSA. The police initially granted the churches clearance. However, they soon made an about turn and withdrew permission saying the procession would be a security risk. The Churches in Bulawayo press release explains, "What has frightened the police is that thousands of Bulawayo residents are intending to take part in the procession."
After withdrawing permission for the prayer procession, police then moved to intimidate the pastors into submission. The Churches in Bulawayo press release explains: "Since yesterday [Monday 15 May] junior police officers have been calling individual clerics to interrogate and intimidate them to cancel the procession. But this morning, Tuesday, about 30 senior security officers in Bulawayo who are members of the Joint Operations Command – that is composed of police, army and Central Intelligence Organisation – summoned the leadership of Churches in Bulawayo to a two-hour interrogation session."
The Bulawayo pastors however, being consumed with conviction that they must obey the Biblical mandate – "Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy" (Proverbs 31:9) – were not easily intimidated. Instead, they challenged the police ban in the Bulawayo High Court. Lawyers for the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance argued that the police ban was an "infringement of our freedom to worship" and it demonstrated "the desperate position of this regime". Late in the evening of Friday 19 May, the High Court ruled in favour of the pastors, saying that the churches had the legal right to hold a prayer procession. (Link 4)
Sokwanele's report is entitled, "More steel in the men of God: Despite police threats the Church goes ahead with Commemoration," and it explains what happened next. "The organizers of most of the other commemorative events planned for this weekend [20-21 May] eventually succumbed to police pressure to call them off. Not so the pastors who lead Churches in Bulawayo." (Link 3)
PRAYER PROCESSION
On Saturday 20 May 06, in defiance of Mugabe's police, Churches in Bulawayo led some 300 very courageous believers in a prayer procession. Everyone who participated did so with the knowledge that, in the words of Rev. Promise Mnceda, ". . .the likelihood of arrests and beatings is very high." (Reuters 19 May)
The prayer procession commenced at St Patrick's Church in Makokoba, Bulawayo's oldest township. From there the band of believers walked into the city singing "Nkosi Sikeleli Africa" (a famous African anthem) and hymns and choruses. Sokwanele reports that the singing attracted "the friendly attention of passers-by". Police and CIO officers lined the route, but the day passed without incident. When the procession reached its destination at the Brethren in Christ Church in the city, those taking part settled down outside to listen to speeches, songs and a poem written especially for the event. Messages of solidarity were read from supporters such as Zimbabwean Archbishop Pius Ncube (unable to attend) and British-based TEAR Fund. (Link 5)
Sokwanele concludes: "For many of the unfortunate victims of Operation Murambatsvina and hundreds of internally displaced persons the Church has become their only refuge and security in a turbulent time of deep crisis. They are grateful, and we as a nation should be profoundly grateful that the Church is there for them. That the Church is taking up its divine mandate, not only to care for the victims of the most gross human rights abuses but also to challenge and confront the arrogant tyranny responsible, is a cause for general rejoicing."
Rejoice – yes! But don't forget, these church leaders are facing perilous times. By the time the next church event rolls around the Bulawayo High Court will doubtless have a new judge (see Institute for War and Peace Reporting: "Mugabe Moulds Pliant Judiciary", link 6).
PERSECUTION BY PROXY
But the suffering of Zimbabwe has not produced a turning point for the churches so much as it has produced a watershed, and not all church leaders are falling down the same side of the mountain. Churches in Zimbabwe are splitting and polarising over the issue of how to respond to the Mugabe regime. Groups like the Churches of Bulawayo and the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance advocate solidarity for the purpose of upholding the Biblical mandate of Proverbs 31:9. Others however believe that preaching salvation without engagement in political issues must be the sole focus of the church.
Others still are discovering that allegiance to Mugabe can be very profitable, both in terms of promotion and material reward. Church leaders driven by greed, power-lust and pride rather than a heart for God's kingdom and glory – and such leaders are found in every nation – enjoy symbiotic relationships with the Mugabe regime. This enables Mugabe to interfere directly in church affairs and persecute "troublesome" clerics via proxies: bishops who have exchanged the Biblical mandate for a dictator's rewards.
Most notable is the case of the Anglican Bishop of Harare, Nolbert Kunonga, who not only accepted the gift of St Marnock's Farm in Nyabiri (someone else's land) as a token of personal gratitude from Robert Mugabe, but he also used Zanu PF militia to evict the 40 families of farm workers living in the farm village. Further more it has been alleged that Kunonga used his influence with the ruling party to secure the post of bishop of Harare.
In August 2005 Kunonga appeared before the Provincial Court of the Anglican Church of Central Africa (an ecclesiastical court) to face 38 charges, including incitement to murder, intimidating critics, preaching racial hatred, and mishandling church funds. In December 2005 the court hearing collapsed without explanation and all charges were dropped. Many suspect Zanu PF interference.
Twelve priests have left the parish since Kunonga became bishop, ten of whom live in exile, claiming to have fled persecution. According to the Reverend Paul Gwese who fled Zimbabwe last September, ". . Reverend Nolbert Kunonga, . . .has terrorised Christians, and . . is turning his diocese into a religious branch of Mugabe's ruling ZANU PF party." The exiled clerics recently observed a day of prayer and then unanimously agreed to approach Ugandan-born John Sentamu, Britain's first black archbishop, for help. (Link 7)
Elizabeth Kendal
Links
1) Zimbabwe: The NGO Bill and the Church. 20 January 2005
2) Zimbabwe: urban renewal or social engineering?
-- Operation Murambasvina, 4 July 2005
3) More steel in the men of God: Despite police threats the Church goes ahead with Commemoration. Saturday, 20 May 2006
http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/archives/415
4) Churches in court fight for 'prayer marches'
By Jane Fields, Harare, 19 May 2006
http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=743752006
AND
Bulawayo high court upholds churches' legal right to march
By Tererai Karimakwend,. 20 May 2006 http://www.swradioafrica.com/news190506/churchmarch200506.htm
5) Bulawayo churches defy Zimbabwe protest ban. 22 May 2006
http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/content/news_syndication/article_060522zimb.shtml
AND
'We Remember': A Poem written In Honor of the Victims of Murambatsvina. By Dumisani O. Nkomo http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/?cat=37
6) Mugabe Moulds Pliant Judiciary.
By Hativagone Mushonga in Harare, 31 May 2006
http://www.iwpr.net/?p=acr&s=f&o=321302&apc_state=henh
7) Shameful silence on Nolbert Kunonga, Anglican Bishop of Harare
5 January 2006 http://www.sokwanele.com/thisiszimbabwe/archives/334
AND
Zimbabwean clerics to seek help from Archbishop of York. 27 May 2006 http://www.zimbabwejournalists.com/story.php?art_id=465&cat=2
Friday, May 26, 2006
Nepal: Hindutva forces rally against Nepal's reforms
Date: Friday 26 May 2006
Subj: Nepal: Hindutva forces rally against Nepal's reforms
To: World Evangelical Alliance Religious Liberty News & Analysis
From: WEA RLC Principal Researcher and Writer, Elizabeth Kendal.
Nepal's 1990 Constitution describes the country as a Hindu state. But on 18 May 2006 Nepal's new parliament declared that Nepal will no longer be a Hindu Kingdom but will now be a secular state. While jurists and lawyers raise questions regarding the legal and constitutional status of the proclamation, ethnic and religious minorities are rejoicing, believing it should bring an end to all manner of religious discrimination and persecution.
Asia News reports: "Religious and ethnic minorities in Nepal have voiced their satisfaction about a historic parliament resolution declaring the country to be a 'secular state'." (Link 1)
Robert Gurung, a member of the "Good Hope" Pentecostal Church, told Asia News that he regarded the resolution as "revolutionary and democratic". Gurung believes the move will "ensure justice among the different religious, cultural, ethnic and linguistic minorities in the country." Gurung continued: "With the advent of the 1990 Constitution, minorities had started breathing some freedom to profess and live their faith and culture. However, the fact the country was defined as a Hindu state by the Constitution imposed particular restrictions on religious minorities, including Christian ones."
Pasang Sherpa, secretary-general of the Confederation of Indigenous and Ethnic Groups of Nepal said, "With this resolution, parliament is moving towards justice, pluralism and harmony. In a democracy, minorities cannot be marginalized. Nepal is starting a new chapter now. We welcome the decision as minorities are exploited in a state that rules on the basis of a certain religion." (Links 1 & 2)
Sociologist Dr Krishna Bahadur Bhattachan, told Nepalnews, "All religious communities – except some Hindus who were misusing state fund in the name of Hinduism – have hailed the decision, as now onwards there will be equality among all religions." (Link 3)
According to Nepalnews, the book "Towards a Democratic Nepal" by scholar Mahendra Lawoti (published 2005), "argues that the source of racism and sexism in the (1990) constitution of Nepal is the declaration of the state as Hindu. Articles 11.2 and 11.3 state that the Constitution is against discrimination based on religion, yet, Article 4 explicitly declared Nepal as a Hindu state. 'The declaration of the state as Hindu provides sustenance and support to the discriminating traditions and values and contributes in the continuation of the social and legal discriminations,' Lawoti wrote."
Dr Bhattachan adds that since all major political forces in the country were in favour of secularism, it should also help bring an end to the Maoist insurgency. Nepalnews explains that the CPN (Maoist), comprising mostly dalit and ethnic minorities who suffer under high-caste Hindu repression, have always advocated for a secular state.
Dr Bhattachan however, notes there will be a need for firm implementation: "The declaration should be implemented properly and there should not be discrimination in the name of religion. If some people try to protest the decision, people will punish them."
And it does appear that the transition from Hindu State to secular democracy will not be smooth or peaceful. The new parliament may find that by opening the gates to liberty and equality it is also opening Pandora's Box. Only a broad-based strong commitment to the principles of secular democracy, supported by rule of law, will keep Nepal on track as pressure against the move is already mounting. After all, as Sushil Shashank, a scholar of tribal culture, noted to Asia News, the hegemony of the Hindu religion has weighed heavy on the psyche of the population for more than two decades. "A State religion means dominion of a culture, of a language and of some castes…" (Link 1)
While ethnic and religious minorities are rejoicing and hopeful, those who were the beneficiaries of Hindu dominance and hegemony may be less welcoming of change.
HINDU RHETORIC RISES
– IN NEPAL
Not long after Nepal's new House of Representatives (HoR) passed the resolution to declare Nepal a secular democracy, the Hindu rhetoric to start to rise – both in Nepal and in neighbouring India.
The Times of India reports: "Nepal parliament's proclamation declaring the world's only Hindu Kingdom as a secular state has evoked a mixed response with the majority Hindu groups saying the decision has hurt the community. 'The decision of the so-called Parliament has hurt the faith of the 900 million Hindu populace across the globe and brought about possibilities of a religious crusade in Nepal,' Shiv Sena Nepal President Arun Subedi said." Arjun Lamichhane of the Bishwo Hindu Youth Federation also expressed his hostility to the resolution. (Link 2)
Nepalnews reports: "In a bid to appease minorities, the seven party alliance is likely to end up offending the Hindu majority. … the proclamation of the HoR to declare Nepal a secular country is likely to ruffle many feathers over the long period of time." (Link 3)
Furious Hindu leaders are accusing the Seven Party Alliance of betraying the country and acting illegally. Nepalnews reports, "Bharat Keshar Simha, chairman of World Hindu Federation (WHF) [and close aide of King Gyanendra], said that the decision was illegal and a conspiracy against the country. 'If political parties are convinced that the state should be declared secular, they should have courage to go for a referendum and get people's mandate rather than making a proclamation in an illegal way,' he added.
"Simha further said that WHF would organize various protest programmes against the decision and would also take to the street to protest what he called the 'unconstitutional declaration' of the House of Representatives."
Chintamani Yogi, Principal of Hindu Vidyapeeth—Nepal (HVP-N) cautioned Nepalnews that the parliament's decision to declare Nepal as a secular state could provide the motivation for regressive forces to unite under the banner of Hinduism and politicised religion.
"Yogi further cautioned that Missionary activities could flare up in the days to come in the aftermath of Nepal being declared a secular state and age-old harmony among various religious groups within the country could be endangered." (Link 3)
Swami Dhruba – Kathmandu-based Hindu preacher told Nepalnews that "various Hindu groups were currently holding meetings and were in direct touch with Hindu religious leaders of India to chart out future strategies. 'We will not remain silent and [will] continue to expose the policy of appeasement,' he warned." (Link 3)
– IN INDIA
Disapproval of the resolution is also coming from the Sangh Parivar (body of Hindu nationalists) in India. Hindustan Times reported on 19 May that in India the BJP was reacting strongly against the resolution of Nepal's new HoR. "Thousands of activists, belonging to the BJP and its allies, took out a march in Sonauli, Thoothibari of Maharajganj district to express their anger at the decision of Parliament. National president of the World Hindu Federation (India Wing) and BJP MP Yogi Adityanath led the march.
"Adityanath directed the party activists to launch a movement against the decision of the Nepalese Parliament. The procession passed through various routes and raised slogans against the Nepalese Government. The Hindu Yuva Vahini, the Hindu Mahasabha and other organisations supported the march.
"Strongly condemning the decision of the Nepalese Parliament Adityanath said that it was a deep-rooted conspiracy of international force. Adityanath said that whenever Nepal would be secular state, the security of India would come under threat…" (Link 4)
Former BJP leader, Bharatiya Janshakti, expressed the same sentiments, claiming that the resolution to turn Nepal into a secular state would encourage Hindu fundamentalists to increase their stronghold there, creating security and stability concerns in Nepal and for India. (Link 5)
The RSS and VHP both have huge stakes in Nepal with affiliates such as the Hindu Swayamsewak Sangh and so are maintaining a stoic silence in order to placate Nepalese authorities and protect their interests. The RSS has however, asked the Hindus of Nepal to maintain eternal vigilance to protect their religious identity. RSS General Secretary Mohan Bhagwat said in the Sangh first comments on the proclamation, "The constitutional recognition of Nepal as a Hindu nation was symbolic of its ancient traditions and culture. This identity was so far safe under the Constitution. But now the people of Nepal will have to maintain eternal vigilance to safeguard it." (Link 6)
PROTESTORS HIT THE STREETS
On Monday 22 May some 5000 Hindus took to the streets in Nepal's southern town of Birgunj, about 150 km (90 miles) south of Kathmandu, to denounce the parliament's resolution to turn Nepal into a secular state. The rallies were organised by activists from the World Hindu Federation (WHF) and Shiv Sena Nepal. The protestors blocked the Tribhuvan highway on the Bara-Parsa industrial belt near the Indian border. Shouting "Jay Shree Ram!" (Lord Ram is great!), they burnt tyres, logs, and newspapers that supported the resolution. They forced shops to close and vehicles off the street.
Observers are concerned that protests could turn violent, especially if incited by Hindutva forces. In fact, in what has tones of a threat, the WHF has warned that the protests could lead to riots. Likewise, Chintamani Yogi, principal of Hindu Vidyapeeth, has warned that the harmonious co-existence of several religions in Nepal could be in danger. (Link 7)
Elizabeth Kendal
Links
1) Nepal is secular state: minorities happy
by Prakash Dubey. 22 May, 2006 NEPAL
http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=6227
2) Hindus criticise Nepal's secular status. 20 May 2006
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1539923.cms
3) 'Secular Nepal' finds itself in the eye of controversy
By Pratibedan Baidya. 24 May 2006
http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/others/feature/may/news_feature07.php
4) BJP, allies protest Nepal decision
Hindustan Times. 19 May 2006. HT Correspondent, Gorakhpur.
http://peacejournalism.com/ReadArticle.asp?ArticleID=8846
5) Secular Nepal no good for India: Uma
http://www.chennaionline.com
6) Secular Nepal: RSS avoids direct criticism
NEW DELHI, 20 MAY 2006 (PTI)
http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=386352
7) Hindu ultras shut down Nepal's industry hub. 24 May 2006
http://www.newkerala.com/news2.php?action=fullnews&id=64529
ALSO
Nepalis protest over secular moves. Reuters. 24 May 2006
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/B315115.htm
Subj: Nepal: Hindutva forces rally against Nepal's reforms
To: World Evangelical Alliance Religious Liberty News & Analysis
From: WEA RLC Principal Researcher and Writer, Elizabeth Kendal.
Nepal's 1990 Constitution describes the country as a Hindu state. But on 18 May 2006 Nepal's new parliament declared that Nepal will no longer be a Hindu Kingdom but will now be a secular state. While jurists and lawyers raise questions regarding the legal and constitutional status of the proclamation, ethnic and religious minorities are rejoicing, believing it should bring an end to all manner of religious discrimination and persecution.
Asia News reports: "Religious and ethnic minorities in Nepal have voiced their satisfaction about a historic parliament resolution declaring the country to be a 'secular state'." (Link 1)
Robert Gurung, a member of the "Good Hope" Pentecostal Church, told Asia News that he regarded the resolution as "revolutionary and democratic". Gurung believes the move will "ensure justice among the different religious, cultural, ethnic and linguistic minorities in the country." Gurung continued: "With the advent of the 1990 Constitution, minorities had started breathing some freedom to profess and live their faith and culture. However, the fact the country was defined as a Hindu state by the Constitution imposed particular restrictions on religious minorities, including Christian ones."
Pasang Sherpa, secretary-general of the Confederation of Indigenous and Ethnic Groups of Nepal said, "With this resolution, parliament is moving towards justice, pluralism and harmony. In a democracy, minorities cannot be marginalized. Nepal is starting a new chapter now. We welcome the decision as minorities are exploited in a state that rules on the basis of a certain religion." (Links 1 & 2)
Sociologist Dr Krishna Bahadur Bhattachan, told Nepalnews, "All religious communities – except some Hindus who were misusing state fund in the name of Hinduism – have hailed the decision, as now onwards there will be equality among all religions." (Link 3)
According to Nepalnews, the book "Towards a Democratic Nepal" by scholar Mahendra Lawoti (published 2005), "argues that the source of racism and sexism in the (1990) constitution of Nepal is the declaration of the state as Hindu. Articles 11.2 and 11.3 state that the Constitution is against discrimination based on religion, yet, Article 4 explicitly declared Nepal as a Hindu state. 'The declaration of the state as Hindu provides sustenance and support to the discriminating traditions and values and contributes in the continuation of the social and legal discriminations,' Lawoti wrote."
Dr Bhattachan adds that since all major political forces in the country were in favour of secularism, it should also help bring an end to the Maoist insurgency. Nepalnews explains that the CPN (Maoist), comprising mostly dalit and ethnic minorities who suffer under high-caste Hindu repression, have always advocated for a secular state.
Dr Bhattachan however, notes there will be a need for firm implementation: "The declaration should be implemented properly and there should not be discrimination in the name of religion. If some people try to protest the decision, people will punish them."
And it does appear that the transition from Hindu State to secular democracy will not be smooth or peaceful. The new parliament may find that by opening the gates to liberty and equality it is also opening Pandora's Box. Only a broad-based strong commitment to the principles of secular democracy, supported by rule of law, will keep Nepal on track as pressure against the move is already mounting. After all, as Sushil Shashank, a scholar of tribal culture, noted to Asia News, the hegemony of the Hindu religion has weighed heavy on the psyche of the population for more than two decades. "A State religion means dominion of a culture, of a language and of some castes…" (Link 1)
While ethnic and religious minorities are rejoicing and hopeful, those who were the beneficiaries of Hindu dominance and hegemony may be less welcoming of change.
HINDU RHETORIC RISES
– IN NEPAL
Not long after Nepal's new House of Representatives (HoR) passed the resolution to declare Nepal a secular democracy, the Hindu rhetoric to start to rise – both in Nepal and in neighbouring India.
The Times of India reports: "Nepal parliament's proclamation declaring the world's only Hindu Kingdom as a secular state has evoked a mixed response with the majority Hindu groups saying the decision has hurt the community. 'The decision of the so-called Parliament has hurt the faith of the 900 million Hindu populace across the globe and brought about possibilities of a religious crusade in Nepal,' Shiv Sena Nepal President Arun Subedi said." Arjun Lamichhane of the Bishwo Hindu Youth Federation also expressed his hostility to the resolution. (Link 2)
Nepalnews reports: "In a bid to appease minorities, the seven party alliance is likely to end up offending the Hindu majority. … the proclamation of the HoR to declare Nepal a secular country is likely to ruffle many feathers over the long period of time." (Link 3)
Furious Hindu leaders are accusing the Seven Party Alliance of betraying the country and acting illegally. Nepalnews reports, "Bharat Keshar Simha, chairman of World Hindu Federation (WHF) [and close aide of King Gyanendra], said that the decision was illegal and a conspiracy against the country. 'If political parties are convinced that the state should be declared secular, they should have courage to go for a referendum and get people's mandate rather than making a proclamation in an illegal way,' he added.
"Simha further said that WHF would organize various protest programmes against the decision and would also take to the street to protest what he called the 'unconstitutional declaration' of the House of Representatives."
Chintamani Yogi, Principal of Hindu Vidyapeeth—Nepal (HVP-N) cautioned Nepalnews that the parliament's decision to declare Nepal as a secular state could provide the motivation for regressive forces to unite under the banner of Hinduism and politicised religion.
"Yogi further cautioned that Missionary activities could flare up in the days to come in the aftermath of Nepal being declared a secular state and age-old harmony among various religious groups within the country could be endangered." (Link 3)
Swami Dhruba – Kathmandu-based Hindu preacher told Nepalnews that "various Hindu groups were currently holding meetings and were in direct touch with Hindu religious leaders of India to chart out future strategies. 'We will not remain silent and [will] continue to expose the policy of appeasement,' he warned." (Link 3)
– IN INDIA
Disapproval of the resolution is also coming from the Sangh Parivar (body of Hindu nationalists) in India. Hindustan Times reported on 19 May that in India the BJP was reacting strongly against the resolution of Nepal's new HoR. "Thousands of activists, belonging to the BJP and its allies, took out a march in Sonauli, Thoothibari of Maharajganj district to express their anger at the decision of Parliament. National president of the World Hindu Federation (India Wing) and BJP MP Yogi Adityanath led the march.
"Adityanath directed the party activists to launch a movement against the decision of the Nepalese Parliament. The procession passed through various routes and raised slogans against the Nepalese Government. The Hindu Yuva Vahini, the Hindu Mahasabha and other organisations supported the march.
"Strongly condemning the decision of the Nepalese Parliament Adityanath said that it was a deep-rooted conspiracy of international force. Adityanath said that whenever Nepal would be secular state, the security of India would come under threat…" (Link 4)
Former BJP leader, Bharatiya Janshakti, expressed the same sentiments, claiming that the resolution to turn Nepal into a secular state would encourage Hindu fundamentalists to increase their stronghold there, creating security and stability concerns in Nepal and for India. (Link 5)
The RSS and VHP both have huge stakes in Nepal with affiliates such as the Hindu Swayamsewak Sangh and so are maintaining a stoic silence in order to placate Nepalese authorities and protect their interests. The RSS has however, asked the Hindus of Nepal to maintain eternal vigilance to protect their religious identity. RSS General Secretary Mohan Bhagwat said in the Sangh first comments on the proclamation, "The constitutional recognition of Nepal as a Hindu nation was symbolic of its ancient traditions and culture. This identity was so far safe under the Constitution. But now the people of Nepal will have to maintain eternal vigilance to safeguard it." (Link 6)
PROTESTORS HIT THE STREETS
On Monday 22 May some 5000 Hindus took to the streets in Nepal's southern town of Birgunj, about 150 km (90 miles) south of Kathmandu, to denounce the parliament's resolution to turn Nepal into a secular state. The rallies were organised by activists from the World Hindu Federation (WHF) and Shiv Sena Nepal. The protestors blocked the Tribhuvan highway on the Bara-Parsa industrial belt near the Indian border. Shouting "Jay Shree Ram!" (Lord Ram is great!), they burnt tyres, logs, and newspapers that supported the resolution. They forced shops to close and vehicles off the street.
Observers are concerned that protests could turn violent, especially if incited by Hindutva forces. In fact, in what has tones of a threat, the WHF has warned that the protests could lead to riots. Likewise, Chintamani Yogi, principal of Hindu Vidyapeeth, has warned that the harmonious co-existence of several religions in Nepal could be in danger. (Link 7)
Elizabeth Kendal
Links
1) Nepal is secular state: minorities happy
by Prakash Dubey. 22 May, 2006 NEPAL
http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=6227
2) Hindus criticise Nepal's secular status. 20 May 2006
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1539923.cms
3) 'Secular Nepal' finds itself in the eye of controversy
By Pratibedan Baidya. 24 May 2006
http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/others/feature/may/news_feature07.php
4) BJP, allies protest Nepal decision
Hindustan Times. 19 May 2006. HT Correspondent, Gorakhpur.
http://peacejournalism.com/ReadArticle.asp?ArticleID=8846
5) Secular Nepal no good for India: Uma
http://www.chennaionline.com
6) Secular Nepal: RSS avoids direct criticism
NEW DELHI, 20 MAY 2006 (PTI)
http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=386352
7) Hindu ultras shut down Nepal's industry hub. 24 May 2006
http://www.newkerala.com/news2.php?action=fullnews&id=64529
ALSO
Nepalis protest over secular moves. Reuters. 24 May 2006
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/B315115.htm